Detergent manufacturers interpret the characteristics of active agents commonly used on detergent surfaces

1. Surfactant. Detergent manufacturers have a wide variety of surfactants, sorted by output: anions account for 56%, non-ions account for 36%, zwitterions account for 5%, and cations account for 3%. Second, anionic surfactants. 2.1 Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate and sodium α-alkenyl sulfonate are common anionic surfactant sulfonates. Sodium Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate, also known as LAS or ABS, is white or light yellow powder or flake solid, soluble in water. Although the water solubility is poor, the water solubility at room temperature is below 3, but the solubility in the composite surfactant system is good. Alkali, dilute acid and hard water are all stable, and the decomposition temperature is 240℃. The solution stimulation index is 5.0%, the microbial degradation rate is 80%~90%, and the LD50 is 1300~2500mg/kg. Sodium alpha-alkenyl sulfonate, alias AOS. When the active substance content is 38%~40%, the appearance is yellow transparent liquid, which is easily soluble in water. It has good stability in a wide pH range for 3 days at 30℃, pH2, pH4, pH10, and the hydrolysis rate is 0. Less irritating to skin, microbial degradation rate is 100%, LD501300~2400mg/kg. Among them, LAS is generally not used in shampoos, and is rarely used in shower liquids, but is often used in liquid laundry detergents and detergents (dishwashing liquid detergents). LAS can account for about half of the total amount of detergent surfactants, and the actual adjustment range of the proportion of LAS in liquid laundry detergents is wide. The water solubility of LAS is mainly reflected in the conditions of high temperature (eg 60°C) and compounding with certain surfactants. A typical detergent complex system is the ternary system LAS-AES-FFA. Combination systems suitable for taking liquid detergents are LAS-soap-=-SAA. It is worth noting that the direct complexation of LAS with the nonionic surfactant alkyl alcohol amide may not achieve good results. The LAS-FFA system is unstable, with low viscosity and a white milky appearance. LAS is the most productive (290kt/a) and cheapest synthetic surfactant variety. Among synthetic surfactants, LAS has the lowest lattice and is equivalent to soap base (fatty ester soap) among common anionic surfactants. The outstanding advantages of LAS are good stability, good detergency, and low price. The outstanding disadvantage is that it is irritating. Among the sulfonate varieties, AOS has the best performance, and has the advantages or more prominent advantages of common sulfonates, without the defects of common sulfonates. AOS is one of the main surfactants commonly used in shampoos and showers. With the realization of the localization of the product (price drop), the application of other liquid detergents will gradually increase. The outstanding advantages of AOS are good stability, good water solubility, good compatibility, low irritation, and ideal microbial degradation; the outstanding disadvantage is that anionic surfactants are expensive. 2.2 Anionic surfactant sulfate. Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate are such common active agents. Fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate, alias AES, sodium alcohol ether sulfate. It is easily soluble in water. When the active substance content is 70%, the appearance is light yellow viscous liquid (translucent), and the stability is lower than that of ordinary sulfonates. The hydrolysis is fast below pH 4, but the hydrolysis stability is good in an alkaline environment. The hydrolysis rate was 100%, 50% and 0 under the conditions of pH2, pH4 and pH10 at 30℃ for 3 days, respectively. The irritation is small, the solution irritation index is 10% 2.3. The biodegradation rate is more than 90%. LD50 was 1800 mg/kg. 12 Sodium Alkyl Sulfate, alias AS, K12, Sodium Coco Sulfate, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Foaming Agent. Soluble in water, the solubility in water at 25°C is about 15°C, but the water solubility is lower than that of AES. It is not sensitive to alkali and hard water, but its stability is lower than that of common sulfonates under acidic conditions, close to aes, long-term heating should not exceed 95 °C, and the irritation is in the middle layer of surfactants. aes, lower than las. LD50 was 1300 mg/kg. AES can be used in shampoos, shower liquids, dishwashing liquid detergents (detergents) and laundry liquid detergents. If the pH quality index allows, the pH should be raised as much as possible, such as neutral or alkaline. When AES is used at lower pH values ​​(in shampoos), ethanolamine salts are generally used. The water solubility of AES is better than that of AS; it can formulate clear aqueous solutions in any ratio at room temperature. AES is not only widely used in liquid detergents than LAS, but also has better compatibility; it can be mixed with many surfactants binary or multi-component into a transparent aqueous solution. Among synthetic surfactants, the output of AES ranks third, and the price is lower than that of AS. In 2002, the price of 70% of AES was 8,500 yuan/t. The outstanding advantages of AES are less irritation, good water solubility, good compatibility, and good performance in preventing dry and rough skin. The disadvantage is the poor stability of the acidic medium - the pH must be controlled far greater than 4, and the detergency is inferior to LAS and AS. The application of AS in liquid detergents should pay attention to the pH medium conditions - the acidity is not too high; ethanolamine salts or ammonium salts must be used in shampoos; ethanolamine salts or ammonium salts are often used in shower fluids. The use of ethanolamine salts not only improves acid resistance and stability, but also helps reduce irritation. Triethanolamine salt stimulation index was 3.0%. AS is used less frequently in dishwashing liquid detergents, and is rarely used as the main surfactant, that is, the formulation dosage is small, which is mainly not conducive to reducing product costs, and secondly, these products have almost no requirements for foaming. Among synthetic surfactants, the output of AS ranks fifth, and the price is higher. In 2002, the powder price of detergent manufacturers was 15,000 yuan/t. In addition to having good foaming and detergency, AS is not as good as AES in other aspects. If the acid resistance is slightly less stable, the irritation is relatively large - only less than LAS, and the price is the highest among the common anionic surfactants.
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